Most of the animal bones and white teeth have been examined, but simply specific regions of some of the bones was indeed submitted in more detail and you can mentioned

As to the reasons, southern area of the Ebro water drainage system, this new replacement/assimilation process occurred far later than just in other places into the Western Europe, stays good “fuss.” Our hypothesis is that climatic and you may demographic situations are worried , –. Northern of your own Pyrenees, the brand new effect off a honestly cold iceberg skills (Heinrich Event cuatro), crazy, for the central and you can east Europe, by the negative effects of the fresh new Phlegraean Fields caldera burst, should have caused a people crash. At the same time, to the south, and particularly therefore over the Atlantic facade, pine and pine forests expanded significantly throughout brand new “Ebro Boundary,” which, worldwide, try certainly fundamentally milder weather (GIS8; Greenland Interstadial 8); in comparison as to what happened in the Iberia during the time of the newest Tardiglacial/Very early Holocene change, people decrease and you may some slack-upwards out-of correspondence networks probably occurred as a result of the extension of these tree-secured terrain. The web effect was you to where, to own progressive people communities paying off the fresh new foothills of Cantabro-Pyrenean mountains, southward extension (otherwise networking) might have feel neither you are able to nor fashionable. After that, as society quantity retrieved therefore the enough time GIS8 interval came to an end, having southwest Iberian surroundings opening to possess higher herbivore herds and its candidates as a result of the return to stadial requirements, communication and you can movement along the previous border must have ensued, which have unavoidable outcomes into the Neandertal refugia of westernmost Eurasia.

Content and techniques

The newest requirements used whenever determining whether to listing a particular fragment out of limbs otherwise tooth, as well as how they are mentioned, was described elsewhere , . For example, the fresh medial 50 % of new articulation of the distal tibia is measured, however, nothing of following components of a great tibia could well be counted: the latest lateral half of the latest distal articulation, diaphysis, and you may proximal stop. These “counted parts of the latest skeleton” include the mandibular cheek pearly whites, and you can articular finishes/epiphyses and you may metaphyses away from girdle, limb and you may foot skeleton. They are equipment regularly determine the wavelengths of various areas of new skeleton and dimensions of young (epiphysis unfused) rather than mature (epiphysis fused) pet. When other areas of one’s bones such antlers, horn cores or maxillary teeth will be merely research on the exposure off a types, such non countable specimens is submitted and their visibility denoted from the an effective “+” sign, yet not within the overall matters off variety receive. The causes for buying why these parts are listed below: a) he is relatively easy to recognize so you can varieties; b) some, for instance the distal metacarpal in a few types of artiodactyls, when in adequate number, can provide facts about the sex proportion; c) many were a unique middle off ossification, or epiphysis, hence fuses toward remaining portion of the bones at a specific years and therefore, inside sufficient numbers, promote a proportion out-of juveniles to grownups; d) of numerous provide helpful proportions; and you can elizabeth) they come regarding most areas of the skeleton (lead, girdles, branches and you will ft) as well as their relative abundance implies possible tastes for various areas of one’s body eg non-meat influence in the place of chicken bearing pieces otherwise fore home versus hind residence.

At the ICEN lab, samples were first cleaned by hand removal of foreign material. For bone samples, gelatin was extracted using the Longin method , and the 14 C measured by means of the liquid scintillation technique described elsewhere . Stable isotope enrichment values (? 13 C) were determined for the CO₂ gas produced in the initial stage of benzene synthesis. Radiocarbon ages were calculated in accordance with the Nakhon si thammarat hot women recommendations of Stuiver and Polach . The gelatin extracted from ICEN-490 and ICEN-732 was pure, with no residue after combustion, and normal ? 13 C values were obtained, whereas the gelatin of ICEN-491 was impure, the yield very low, and the ? 13 C could not be measured due to an accident in the mass spectrometer (Table 3). For these reasons, ICEN-490 and ICEN-732 are reliable measurements, but ICEN-491 is not.